While I appreciate the work of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and often use their data in my analysis, I must respectfully disagree in the strongest terms with the Executive Director and his views on hydropower. In his commentary “Hydropower is still ‘the forgotten giant of electricity’ – and that needs to change,” Executive Director Fatih Birol begins by reflecting on a report the IEA released four years ago that lamented the exclusion of hydro in conversations about expanding energy infrastructure, and provided steps to remedy this supposed problem. For those of us with firsthand experience of the devastation caused by hydropower dams, the points that he glosses over so generally are in fact the primary causes of concern and deserve more attention. With all respect to the Executive Director, I hope than in another four years’ time Hydropower will indeed be the forgotten giant of electricity.
I’ve been a conservationist for decades and have direct experience in development, and working on the ground has given me perspective that I fear the Executive Director lacks. Not until the last paragraph of his commentary does he mention sustainability, and when he does it’s two sentences. He discusses sustainability as a public perception problem that must be addressed, not a problem in itself. Fluctuating rain conditions due to climate change are mentioned without a word for the deforestation caused by dams, and the rain fluctuations caused by this deforestation.
ROSARIO, ARGENTINA – Aerial view of the traces of a disappearing river on July 4, 2021 in Rosario, Argentina. At less than half of its historical average, the low flow of the Parana river affects circulation of vessels transporting crops for export. This situation has a great impact in Argentina’s major income source. Experts point deforestation, canalization and dams as the main reasons for environmental and climate change. Amid this situation, Argentina announced that the State would take control of the waterway and not renew the contract to foreign concessionaries. Villagers of the river delta are concerned about the Parana drying up threatening not only their commercial activities but their homeland. (Photo by Sebastian Lopez Brach/Getty Images)
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It’s easy to say that sustainability must be prioritized when building dam projects, but what does this mean in practice? Dams cause devastation wherever they’re built, and to call them clean energy is categorically incorrect. Future reforms in energy policy will surely address this error. In tropical countries with dwindling forests these dams directly destroy large swaths of forest and replace them with methane spewing pools and turn carbon sinks into carbon emitters.
Rip Rap at Callville Bay marina headquarters, now stranded by falling lake levels on Lake Mead, Nevada. (Photo by: Marli Miller/UCG/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
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An important point of distinction where I agree with the Executive Director is Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH). For storing energy while keeping our forests intact, I advocate for the targeted use of Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH). We can use gravity and potential energy to build giant water batteries and keep the rare minerals for other applications. While PSH does require some space, it’s not as inherently damaging to the forests as hydropower dams. We should decouple them mentally because besides water they have little in common. Pumped Storage Hydropower is an energy storage system that continues to be proven useful, whereas Hydropower Dams are outdated and dangerous forms of generating electricity that serve no useful purpose.
Ludington, Michigan, Consumers Energy’s pumped storage hydroelectric plant on Lake Michigan. The upper reservoir is 363 feet above the lake level. Water is released from the reservoir to turn turbines when the demand for electricity is high. Water is pumped back uphill during periods of low electrical demand. (Photo by: Jim West/UCG/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
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PSH has been around for a century and its well established. I’m proposing that we continue to use them for storage in conjunction with clean variable energy like wind and solar, so that we can get away from the destructive hydroelectric dams that have been a scourge to developing countries. In spite of what the Executive Director claims, hydro projects don’t bring equitable or sustainable economic development.
Hydropower dams and their reservoirs destroy thousands of hectares of forest. They turn carbon sinks into carbon emitters in tropical countries as continued research shows. This deforestation has a compounding effect that’s directly caused by this forest destruction, and that’s the effect on rainfall and water scarcity. Without forests to bring in, capture and then release this rainfall, the inland areas are subjected to droughts and torrents. The depletion of regional rainfall has been observed in areas that have been deforested, and dams have witnessed the impacts of this dryness on their productivity. Some have closed and many now have a significantly reduced capacity. As a method of generating power or storing water for irrigation, traditional hydropower dams are self-defeating. On the other hand, pumped storage hydro provides around 90% of global long duration energy storage capacity, and has been fit for purpose since 1907.
Any viable solution that meets our energy needs and doesn’t necessitate the destruction of our valuable, carbon sinking, tropical forests is better than the expansion of hydropower dams. As our team works to prevent the expansion of the dams that act as status symbols for industrialists, but do nothing to save water for Cambodians to use, we’ll support any viable approach for energy that preserves our rain creating forests. The smart use of pumped storage hydro can have a place in our future energy landscape. Traditional hydropower dams do not have a place in our net-zero by 2050 future.
